Connections Between Bischweiler, Alsace, and America in the 1700s

CONNECTIONS BE1WEEN BISCHWEILER, ALSACE, AND AMERICA IN TIIE 1700S by Patricia Law Hatcher, FASG • T his study began with a question about one individual, described in "Who Was Peter Paris of Philadelphia?" The research included aggressively seeking any records naming him. When one indiscriminately collects records, considering no reference to be insignificant, then one acquires the names of many individuals who do not share the surname of interest. A few may be females whose birth surnames have been replaced by that of their husbands or persons otherwise related by marriage. The remaining "unrelated" names may be of great importance. After arrival, many immigrants sought out and maintained associations with others who emigrated from the same village. Thus, those "unrelated" individuals were related-in terms of sharing the same geographical roots. To find the origins of Peter Paris, all individuals named in records with him and with his second father-in-law, Abraham Wild, were studied. For example, persons surnamed Wild were found soon after their arrival at St. Michael's and Zion Lutheran in Philadelphia in records with persons surnamed Diedrich and Lobstein. Searches for these surnames produced an entry that provided the town of origin for a person surnamed Christian. The surnames from the spider web of connections were checked in the International Genealogical Index (IGI). A relatively recent controlledextraction project, with 2,427 baptismal entries, produced evidence that several of these families were from Bischweiler, Alsace.1 • Patricia Law Hatcher is a professional genealogist specializing in problem solving, the author of numerous articles on European origins, a Library Associate in the Genealogy Section of the Dallas Public Library, and the editor of the Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine [called Publications of the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania before 1948, both hereafter cited as PGM]. She thanks the following people who have been helpful: Joseph C. Anderson II, CG, FASG; James M. Beidler, Ed Boehringer, Lloyd de Witt Bockstruck; Annette K. Burgert, FASG, FGSP; and John T. Humphrey. 1 Batch C824222, from FHL #727,366, Evangelisch-Reformierte Kirche Bischweiler (Kr. Hagenau). 12 Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine Vol. 44 (2005) 2005 Connections between Btschwellert Alsace, and America 13 METHODOLOGY Soon, more and more Bischweiler emigrants were noted. As the number increased dramatically, it was decided that to benefit their de cendants, a study would be undertaken. The earlie t records of bapti m in Pennsylvania, whether as parent or sponsor, were the moSt promising. Some connections centered on apparently non-Bi.schweiler names. For example, Jacob K.loti, who is identified in Philadelphia as from Canton Zurich, is found in records that also included surnames Pari , Wild, Bachoffen, Ecki, and Leeman [Lehmann ]-all from Bischweiler-because his wife was Anna Maria Moser from Bischweiler. What this study showed, however, is that the marriage did not occur in Pennsylvania. It had occurred in Bischweiler on 13 April I 750; Jacob was on a ship that arrived in Philadelphia on 28 August 1750. One of Anna Maria's brothers had emigrated the year before; another would emigrate th following y ar. Such cquenti~ migration was common. Other markers were also explored. For example, the given names alome and Esther were popular in Bischweiler, but not generally prevalent elsewhere. Thus, searches were made specifically for those names, and records in which a woman named Salome and Esther was of an age to have been born in Europe were scrutinized. tras burger and Hinke's Pennsylvania German Ptoneers,2 the standard reference for colonial German immigration into Pennsylvania and bordering states, was consulted for names of individual. who were definitely from Bischweiler or highly likely to have been from Bisch· weiler. Review of the names nearest them on the lists added additional likely names to investigate. Excellent use was made of the signature volume (available in the original and in the three..:volume Picton Press reprint, but not in the tw~volumc Genealogical Publishing Company edition), allowing comparison of signatures found in Bischweiler with those of the immigrants. (See "Editor's otes: Diligence and Serendipity.") Many individuals who were in Pennsylvania records with known Bischweiler emigrants or in dose proximity to known Bi chweiler emigrants on the passenger lists were investigated becau e their surname occurred in Bischweilcr, but eventually were eliminated or determined to hav insufficient substantiation. Over forty likely Bischweiler immigrants were located on the lists in trassburger and Hinke. With the exception of early lists naming all passengers, lists include only the names of males sixteen or over, who were required to sign the oaths. Many signers were accompanied by additional family members-sons and brothers under sixteen, wive , 2 Ralph Beaver Strassburgcr and William John Hinke. Pennsylvania Gennan Pier neers: A Publication of the Original Lists of Arrivals tn the Port of Philadelphia from 1727-1803, 3 -vols.(Birdsboro, Pa.: P~nnsylvania German Society, 1934; Picton Press 3 vol. reprint, 1992), [hereafter cited as Strassburgcr and Hinke. Pennsylvania German Pioneers]. " Genealogical Magazine .-......-rs, as well as more distantly related entified over one hundred emigran found in Strassburger and Hinke s1U\_ -••"'·'"' . A few who arrived even later, after a published list-3 Mo t of the ships be village. Only two ships, one in 17 ps, with eleven signers each . ..""''"""origin is found, a complete and construction is written, incorporating original records on both sides of the Atlantic. In thi case, the.re were so many families that the focus changed to establishing the connections between Europe and America and among the families, creating an outline for de cendants to follow in a more thorough manner. Records concerning immigrants might be dassified as having five basic characteristics some records having more than one. • Residence in Europe • Emigration from Europe (departure) • Immigration to America (arrival) • Residence in America • A5 ociation RECORDS OF RESIDENCE IN BISCHWEILER Bischweiler, Alsace, is now Bischwiller in the B~Rhin region of France. It is located on the Moder River in the northern part of Alsace and is south of the region covered by Burgert's Northern Alsace volume. It is about 14 miles north-northeast of Strasbourg, 4½ southeast of Haguenau, and 5 miles west of the Rhine River and the border with Germany. Bi chweiler is a relatively mall town~ in 1900 itS population was under eight thousand. This was not an isolated rural community. The primary occupations found there during this study related to woolen and linen weaving and to tobacco. Many families in the study had come to Bischwcilcr from elsewhere. Some came from France du.ring the various per ecutions of Prot~ at. lt' ('. f t rt 2005 Connections between Bischweiler, Alsace, and America Bischweiler had four churches, the records of which are awilat microfilm. • • • • French Reformed, surviving reoords begin in 1645. 5 German Reformed, surviving records begin in 1666.6 German Lutheran, surviving records begin in 1684.7 catholic, urviv-ing records begin in 1731 .8 Toe church record were quite complete, with only a few gap. were tedious to use because record sets were filmed more or le tinuously (not as separate items). including filming of upside-down pages. The order isn't easy to follow. but the Family History Library Cat2Jog descriptions arc usually accurate as to sequence. There were surname indexes for most of the record sets, but they weren't always located with the record . Language could be confusing. French record sets were sometimes labeled and catalogued in German and vice versa. The German records were, of course, in gothic nandwriting, but the condition of all records was relatively good. From a genealogical point of view, they were gold mines, routinely giving more information than we see in Penns}lvania-German records: • ~ptisms usually named father, mother (almost alway with birth surname), two male sponsors and two female sponsors.9 • Marriages often named the fathers of the bride and groom. • Burials usually gave an age at death. • Confirmations and atechumcn Jists ocasionally identified a parent. • Baptisms, marriages, and burials usually specified the occupations of the men and residence of individuals. 5 Eglise Rlformee Franratu de BischwiJJer, Regtstres Paroisstaux, 1645-1792; FHL #727,363-#727,364 [hcraftcr cited as Bischwcilcr French Reformed). There is a compilation of sorts in print for the earliest years of this church; "Die Namenvorkommen Im d/Jesten Kirchenbuch (1645-1679) der Sglise FrmJfOise Re/onnee von Bischweiler (Unter-Elsafl),"' in C. Malcolm and B. Gilman, Huguenot Migration In Europe. and America, Its Cause and Effect (Bridgeport, Pennsylvania: ChanceUors Press, Inc., 1962) n-86 [hereafter cited 25 Namnworkom.men der Egltse ). However, it suffers from being a hodge•••• .... with its reading of the records in several p e Bischwetler, Ktrchmbuch, 1666- I 79 ischwciler German Reformed]. ,.,..,,~.,..--,."', Ktrchenbuch, 1684-1792; FHL ,; 9, eiler Lutheran]. 8ischwlller, Registres Parois:slaux, 1731-1 """"llrllIA used the terms parrains and marratn dfathcr aod godmother. However, the R •ch is a Catholic model. In the French R11.1-"''"""ur.u ed to use the term5-50metimes cxpr c meaning i$ doser to sponsors or wimcs 16 Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine RECORDS OF EMIGRATION-GENEALOGICAL Vol. 44 TABLES This study probably would not have been possible in a reasonable amount of time were it not that genealogical tables of many Bischweiler families had been constructed in the past These surname descendancy charts were difficult to read because of ink blurring and shorthand notations, but were invaluable at pointing to the existence of records that need d to be consulted (or lack thereoO. In a few instances I disagree with infor-mation on the charts. Jean Fran~ois Poulet created the French charts. He was from Wildeck, Canton Bern, Switzerland, and served the French Reformed church from 9 May 1751 until 14 July 1784. He was interested in the history of his church and compiled information on its "old families." The last events on Pastor Poulet's charts, which give only the year, are from 1784. Thus, notations on these charts that indicate emigration are derived from personal knowledge. Some are added in different ink, but most are readily identifiable as his handwriting. He also transcribed copies de d-0cuments htstoriques, ranging from a charter in 1618 allowing the establishment of the French Reformed church in Bischweiler to an agreement in 1742 between the "3 Egltses [churches]-Lutherienne, Reformee Allemande, & Ref Franfoise" to reduce confusion about the divine service. It defined the ecclesiastical calendar and sacramental procedures. 10 The Bischweiler Stammtaf eln [family tables; descendancy charts] are a far more extensive set of charts covering families f.rom all three churches, clearly er ated by reviewing the church registers. Full dates are given; some as late as the 1910s. 11 Thus, information about emigration is not firsthand. Unlike some European village, mention of emigration was not found in the church records, except one hearsay report of a child dying en route. Presumably the emigration information in the Stammtafeln derive from Poulet's charts and from interviews with family members. Neither set of charts identifies the church in which the events occurred. lO Genealogies des /amt/ks de l'Egl{i.se/ Franf{atse/ de Btschwiller, aux divers documents qui la concernent; pa.r Jean Pranfois Poul,et.,Pasteur de la Susd..Bgl[ise/, 1753 (Genealogies of the families of the French Church in Biscbwiller with various documents related to it; by Jean Pran~is Poulet, Pastor of the said Chu11cht FHL .11,070,141 {hereafter cited as Gbila/Qgres des famiUa de l'Egl[ise/ Franf/aise/ de Bisch willer J. N.B. These arc incorrectly titled in the Family History Library Cawog as MC,tholic genealogies of Bischwiller." Apparently the cataloguer did not know that there was a French Reformed church in Bischwcilcr. 11 Bischweiler Stammtafeln, 6 volumes, FHL #764,796-98. 2005 Connections between Bischwetler, Alsace, and America 17 RECORDS OF EMIGRATIO -THE ZWEIBRUECKEN LIST In 1951, Jack . Schell published "Emigrants from Bischweiler, Zweibruecken, l 76o-64." 12 The article identifies the list therein as a translation from a rare 1826 German-language book on the hi tory of Bi chweiler by Friedrich Wilhelm CuJmann. 13 Brattier, Jakob Danner, Martin 0roquet, ............. Ecky,Jakob Elsasser, E. M. Fischer, ............. Franz, Katharina Gruenholtz, ............. Gutig, Marian Hugcncl, David Hugen 1,Katharina Kirchman, Esther Koenig, Abraham Koenig, Elisabeth Koenig, Jakob Koenig, Katharina Lambling, Elisabeth Lambling, Jakob Lambling, Marian Meyer, ............. Moser, Johann Michael Moser, Samuel P2ris, Franz Paris, Isaak Paci , Maria Pierson.Johann Peter Renaud, Jakob Rcnauf, Suff. Schneider, Simon Schwing, Abraham Woclkel, Marian Many researchers are familiar with Zweibriicken in Germany and would be put off by the title, but Schell says that Bischweiler in France was formerly part of the Duchy of Zweibruecken. He then mentions two articles in the Pennsylvania German Socie'ty Folklore Yearbooks on immigrants from Zweibruecken. 14 However, those lists of persons requesting permission to emigrate do not cover Bischweiler. The article states "B_etween 1760 and 1764 forty Bischweiler families left that town for America .... This list is not included in Harold Lancour, Bibliography of Ship Passenger Lists." Toe list has only thirty-one names; of these, four are surnames only, including the extremely common Fischer and Meyer, and ten are female. How this translates to forty families isn't explained. The list was not very helpful for the study until almost all of the immigrants had been identified. Examination of Strassburger and Hinke mad it immediately apparent that Schell had incorrectly labeled the list. As shown in this study, the individuals named emigrated between 1731 and 12 Jack S. Schell, "Emigrants from Bischweilcr, Zweibrueclcen, 1760--64," National Gffiealogical Society Quarterly 59:38. This item is a half-page ftlle.r and is not listed in the Table of Contents of the issue. 13 Friedrich Wilhelm ulmann, Geschich~ von Bischweiler (Strasbourg, 1826), 109. The full title is actually Ge$Chichte von Bischweiler, nebst einer st.atisttschen Darstellung des heutigen zust.andes dteus Ort.es:Ein Beitrag zur Ge.schichte des El.sasses.The book is indeed rare; the only copy located thus far is in the Ra.re Books Room at Cambridge University Library. 1" William John Hinke and John Baer Stoudt, "A List of German Immigrants to the American Colonies from Zwcibrucdcen in the Palatinate, 1728-1749; Pennsylvania German Folklore 1(1936): 101-24; Friedrich Krebs, "A List of German Immigrants to the American Colonies from Zweibrucclcen in the Palatinate, 1750-tnl," Pennsylva. nia German Fol.ltlon 16(1951): 171-83. These are more accessible today in Don Yoder's reprints in Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786 (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1980), 289-327. ,a Genealogical Magaztne -1764. Clearly, then, this is not a p~tlllll!Cl , or a departure list. As this study en "forty families" who emigrated . ........ IIA&&ann described his source for the ,_,,._,1, ~ that the information may have interviews. It also is closely related above. The word "CuJmann" in Poulet's volume, with no apparent cover :i.llthe families named by ~-· ....... The Stammtafeln covers most of them-and have emigration information for many of the individuals on Culmann's list, but those charts are a cenrury later than the book. There are problems in retying on the published Culmann list for anything other than a surname to research. For example, the "Rcnauf, Suff" listed by Schell was surely a misreading of "Renaud, Suss." Poulet's chart says that Susanne Renaud was a Pht/adelphia. 1s o evidence of the Renaud name was found in Pennsylvania during this study. or was a reasonable variant found in Strassburger and Hinke. We can be more certain that the information in the book is strongly linked to the charts when we look for Jakob Brattler, David Hugenel, Katharina Hugenel, and Marian Woelke}. There is no Brattier chart in the er, but Poulet's Huguenel chart indicates that Catherina Huguenel (born about 1733) married as her second hu band Jacob Bratder and went to Philadelphia. It also indicates that David Huguenel (born about 1740) married in 1766 Anne Marie Yoeckel and they were en .A.merlque.16 David's arrival, however, was not found. Culmann's list inexplicably omits George Lamblin. He was one of the four children of Jean Michel Lamblin that Poulct's chart indicates were en Pensylvanta, the others being Jacques, Marion, and Elizabcth. 17 There are also problems with the given names. Marian Gutig, for example, is prob~ bly meant for Anna Margaret Gutig, wife of Abraham Schwing. Once we realize that women are listed under their maiden names and that there are omissions :md problems with names, the Zweibruecken list makes more sense. 18 .......... .-& Wife Maria Paris, 26 Catharina Konig Katharina Franz E. M. Elsasser f, Illes b l'igl[ lseJPranf[ ain J tk Btschwtllff rt1ilks de l'Egl[tu) Fran,fai.n) de Bischwl ilhs de l'Egl{ ise J Fra~{ aise J de Bischwl/ln r sketches that follow in this and subscqucn , 2005 Connecttons between Btschweiler, Alsace, and America Signer Jacob Ege (l 751) [Michael I.ambling (1752)) Wife 19 Chlld.-en Jacob Elisabeth Marian [George] Simon Schneider (1752) (Isaac] Droquet (1763) Jakob BrattJer (1765) Abraham Schwing (1765) Esther Kirchman Katharina Huguenel Anna Margaret Gutig Not in Strassburger and Hinke Jakob Renaud (after 1738) Susanne Renaud Franz Paris (after 1744) [Christian Gutknecht) (1749) Johann Peter Pierson (after 1749) Jacob Konig (not 1751) [Maria Magdelena] Grunholtz Elisabeth Konig David Huguenel (after June 1767) Anna Maria Volkel Uean Pierre] Fischer (between 1776 and 1784) - Meyer (name too common) RECORDS OF IMMIGRATION The Ji ts in Strassburger and Hinke help us identify likely emigrants from Bischweiler traveling together. The following is a preliminary list; not all have been confirmed. Additions or deletions may be forthcoming. • 21 September 1731 on theBrittania 19 • 28 August 1733 on the Hope20 • 9 November 1738 on the Channing Nancj2 1 • 13 September 1749 on the Chrtstian 22 Hans Michel Henninger, 32 Anna Maria Henniger, 26 Conrat Henninger, 9 Cristian Riblet, 27 Catrina Rebcn, 3 5 Abraham Hausswinh, 24 Johannes Tilly Mattdcs Ostcrdag, (Senior) Matheas Osterdag Johan Albrecht Eschdman Abniliam Selman Mardin Danner Balthasar Dock Samuel Mo er 19 Stra.ssburgcr and Hinke, Pennsylvania Gennan Pioneers, 1:49-53; 2:38-43; lists 16A, B, C. 20 Su-assburger and Hinke, Pennsylvania Gffman Pioneers, 1:116-17; 2:112; Lists 3 lA., B, and C. 21 Strassburger and Hinke, Pennsylvania ~rman Pioneers, 1:246, 247, 248; 2:25254; Lists 65A, B, C. 22 Stn! sburgcr and Hinke, Pmnsylvanta Gnman Pioneers, 1:400; 2:442-43; List 130C. 20 Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine Vol.44 Hans Beder Ribcled Jacob Ribclct Abraham Ribclet • 28 August 1750 on the Phoentx. 2 3 • 3 November 1750 on theBrotherhood2 4 • 9 September 1751 on the Patience25 Henrich Dock Michael Houswird Anthony Eki Christian Gutknecht Jacob Kloti Pierre Paris Isaac Paris Michael Shwing Samuel Shwing Abraham Wild Jacob Leibrock • 7 October 1751 on thejanet.2 6 • 16 October I 751 on the Duke of Wtrtenberg2 7 • 22 ovembcr 1752 on the Phoenb:2 8 • 25 November I 763 on the Pallas 2 9 • 19 September 1765 on the Betsey30 Abraham Konig Hans Michel Moser Johan Jorg Bachhoffen Hans George Bakhoffen Jean Michel Lanblene Abraham Peter Michael Peter John Peter Lehmann Jacob Gartman J. Simon Schneider Johann Michael Christian Isaac Droquet Hans Michael Brattier Johann Jacob Brattier Isaac Cartman [sic] Abram Schming [sic] Martin Ostertag RECORDSOF RESIDENCEIN AMERICA Pennsylvania church records were searched for records of immigrants from Bischweiler. The people were found in both Lutheran and Reformed records; many individuals appeared in both. Clearly, the Bischweiler affiliation remained strong in Pennsylvania, with spon orship by persons of the oppo ite faith from "back home.» Immigrants from Bisch23 Strassburger and Hinke, Pennsylvania German Pioneers, l :442; 2:512; List l 54C 24 Str2Ssburger and Hinke, Pennsylvania German Pioneers, 1:447; 2;521; List l 59C. 2 5 Strassburgcr and Hinke, Pennsylvanta German Pioneers, 1:455-56; 2:533-34; Ust 164C. 26 Strassburge.r and Hinke, Pennsylvania German Pioneers, 1:474; 2:560; List 175 . 27 Srrassburger and Hinke, Pennsylvania German Pioneers, 1:476- 77; 2:564-65; list 176C. 28 Strassburgcr and Hinke, Pennsylvania German Pioneers, 1:507-9, 2:609-11; U t 195C. 29 Stras burger and Hinkc,Pennsylvanta German Pioneers, 1:687; 2:779; List 241C. 30 Strassburger and Hinke, Pennsylvania Gennan Pioneers, 1:706; 2:808; List 255C. 22 Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine Vol. 44 SKET HS For inclusion in thi cries, a name match was insufficient. A specific reason was needed to connect an individual in Pennsylvania with Bischweiler. Crit ria included a document in Pennsylvania mentioning Bischweiler, presence with another Bi chweiler emigrant in a Pennsylvania record, or chronological con j tency among Alsace, immigration, and Pennsylvania records. Due to space limitations, the k tche simply establish an outline of the Bischweiler family with a combination of church records and information from the genealogical charts. Using the sketches provided in this and subsequent issues, re earchers can find additional information on the individuals, ance tors, and descendants in other records in France and Pennsylvania. Sketches of families not covered in this issue will appear in future issues of this journal k tches begin with a list of the most likely immigrants in the family. The oath lists tell us only of the arrival of males 16 and over. The purpose of thi study is to facilitate family research so wives and children for whom death records were not found in Bischweiler are listed as likely immigrants. Siblings and other family members for whom there are no deaths are not listed, although they may have come also. Only some of the charts indicated Pennsylvania or Philadelphia specifically as the new residence. Many simply listed America. A few stated ew York or Carolina. This information is in the family sketch. Anyone identified as having emigrated to Am rica will have a family sketch. Likewise, anyone with a Pennsylvania record naming Bischweiler will have a family ketch, including ome for whom no Strassburger and Hinke entry was found. Many of th e families left records in both the French and German churche . Hence a person baptized as Jean Pierre might marry as H~ Peter or vice versa. Poulet' charts used French forms (or abbreviations) for the name , and the Stammtafeln used German. Generally, the spelling in the ketches is likely to be that of the record from which the information was being taken. The index at the end of volume 44 will adopt a tandard protocol. The feminine ending of surnames is retained in the sketches when it appears in the record, but is enclosed in parentheses, as in •Paris(in). For readers' convenience, likely immigrants are marked with a ship icon. 0 2005 Connections between Bfschwetler, Alsace, and America 21 w iler were found in Philadelphia (Lutheran and Reformed),3 1 German• town (Reformed), 32 Berks County (Reformed, Moravian),33 Lanaster County (Lutheran and Reformed),34 York County (Lutheran, Moravian, Reformed),3~ Maryland (Moravian),3 6 and New York (Reformed).37 Wills and naturalizations were searched to establish residence and relation hip , but since the focus of this study is transatlantic connections, records such as military, tax, and land records were not searched.3 8 31 Don Yoder, Pennsylvania German Church Records of Births, Baptisms, Mar• riages, Burials:, Etc. from The Pennsylvania German Society Proceedings and Ad· drc scs, 3 vols. (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1983) (hereafter cited as Yoder, Pennsylvania German Church Records); also Robert L. Hess, translator, and P. Edward Wright, editor, 18th Century Records of the German Lutheran Church at Philadelphia, Penn.sywanla (St. Michael's and Zion) Volume 1: Baptisms 1745-1769 (Colonial Roots, Lewes, Dclawve, 2004) [hereafter cited as Hess and Wright, St. Michael's and Zion); also F. Edward Wright, Early Records of the Ffrst Reformed Church of Philadelphia, Volume 1: 1748-1780, 2:1781-1800 (Westminster, Md: Family Line, 1994) (hereafter cited as Wright,FirstReformed, Philadelphia]. 32 F. Edward Wright, 18th Century Records of Germantown Reformed (Wcstminstc.r, Md: Family Linc, 1994) [hereafter cited as Wright, Germantown Refonned). 33 F. Edward Wright, Berks County Church Records of the 18th Century, 4 vol. (Westminster, Md: Family Linc Publications, 1993), (hereafter cited as Wright, Berks County Church Records); also "Moravian Brethren in Heidelberg, 1752," The Pennsyt vania Dutchman 2(1951):6, reproduced in Carl Boyer, Ship Passenger Lists: Pennsyi vanla and Delaware (1641-1825) (Newhall, Calif.: the author, 1980), 202 [hereafter cited as "Mor2vian Brethren in Heidelberg, 1752"); also Frederic G. Paul and Jeffrey J. Howell. Berks County, Pennsylvania, Marriages 1730-1880 (Reading: HP Publishing, 1986) (hereafter cited as Paul and Howell, Berks Marriages.). H Debra D. Smith and Frederick S. Weiser, Trinity Lutheran Church Records, Lan· caster, Pennsylvania, 3 vols. (Apollo, Pa.: Closson Press, 1988-1998) [hereafter cited as Smith and Weiser, Trinity Lutheran, Lancaster); also F. Edward Wright, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Church Records of the 18th Century, 5 volumes (Westminster, Md.: Family Linc Publications, 1994) (hercffl.cr Wright, Lancaster County Church Records]. 35 Marlene Strawser Bates and F. Edward Wright, York County, Pennsyl~ania, Church Records of the Eighteenth Century, 3 vols. (Westminster, Md.: Family Line Publications, 1991) [hereafter cited as Bates and Wright, York County Church Records). 36 Henry James Young, Moravian Families of Graceham, Maryland: Jhe Families Belonging to the Moravian Community and Congregation at Gra.ceham in Maryland and Some of TMir Neighbors, 1759-1871, Translated and Edited from the Parish Register by Henry James Young (Silver Spring, Md.: F-amily Linc Publications, 1988) {hereafter cited as Young,MoravianFamllJes o/Graceham, Maryland]. 37 Arthur C. M. Kelly, Baptism Record of Reformed Church, Stone Arabia, New York, 1739-1899 (Rhinebeck, N.Y.: A C. M. Kelly, 1982) [hereafter cited as Kelly, Stone Arabia Refornied). 38 Broad searches included Uoyd de Witt Bockstruck, Deniz-attons and Naturau.za. lions in the British Colonies in America, 1607-1775 (Baltimore: Genealogiall Publishing Company, 2005); Donna R. lrish, Pennsylvania German Marriages: Marriages and Marriage Evidence in Pennsylvania German Churches (1982; reprinted Baltimore: Gencalogial Publishing Company, 2004) (hereafter cited as Irish, Pennsylvania German Marriages); and the CO-ROM versions of the Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine; Pennsylvania Wills, 1682-1834; Bgle's Notes and Queries; and John T. Humphrey's Pennsylvania Births before J800 (all Family Tree Malter).