From Pennsylvania to Italy: The Letters of Angelo di Angelantonio

From Pennsylvania to Italy: The Letters of Angelo di Angelantonio by George R. Gil key* HE LETTERS THAT FOLLOW come from a collection of 108 appended to a small volume by Filippo Lussana entitled Lettere di Illetterati (Letters of Illiterates) and published in 1913 by Zanichelli. The title is somewhat misleading because the letters take up slightly less than one-third of the book. The author was a physiologist, dietitian, and hygienist on the staff of a School of Physiology in Bologna, Italy. He and his assistants undertook the study of the dietary and hygienic habits of a group of southern peasantry ( contadini ) from the province of Teramo in the Abruzzi region of southern Italy. This province is bound by the Tronto River to the north, the Gran Sasso mountain range west and south, and the Adriatic Sea east. These rural Teramesi were largely of the share-cropper class, still beset by medieval social and economic prac¬ tices in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. At the Bologna school, Lussana and his assistants were influenced by the trends of the times represented by the American scientists Wilbur * Editor’s note: The author is currently Emeritus Professor, University ofWisconsin-La Crosse. His introduction to Italy came about through his World War II service in the U.S. Army Air Corps, fifteen months of which he spent in Sicily and Italy. After having received a B.A. from De Pauw University, he earned both his M.A. and Ph.D. from Northwestern University, where his doctoral dissertation was The Effects of Emigration on Italy, 1900-1923. Following his Fulbright Fellowship to Italy in 1950—51, Gilkey taught history at Westminster College, Salt Lake City, Utah, and Wisconsin State College, River Falls, Wise., for a short period, after which he served for twenty-nine years as Professor of History at the University ofWisconsin-La Crosse. He has trans¬ lated the debates in the Italian Parliament which resulted in the enactment of a comprehensive law on emigration in 1901, and has published extensively on Italian subjects, primarily migration and repatriation between the Italy and the United States. 5 6 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine Atwater and Russell Chittenden, who were involved in the study of topics familiar a century later calories, proteins, carbohydrates, alcohol and their impact on humans. When they made con tact with these people whom they intended to study, they seemed fascinated by what they had found. As a physiologist, Lussana opined that the diet of the Abruzzi peasants under scrutiny was deficient in at least two ways. On the one hand it lacked meat and on the other it contained too much pizza made with corn flour. They also encountered a people at the nadir of education, as Lussana put it. Of a group of fifteen persons interrogated, twelve were illiterate. Some did best at figuring out how much profit they would make buying and selling their livestock. They saw very little actual money, but they did know the value of a lira. They knew very little of anything outside their agrarian communities. One had heard of Napoleon, another of the king who made laws, he said. Still others who lived in lands that had had their share of banditry and brigandage during the decades of foreign rule and the Italian unification process recalled folk heroes who resisted police tyranny. Such a one was Bernardo Zilli. A 75-year-old illiterate peasant told the inquirers that Zilli had said: “I am called Zilli. Whoever wants to take me has to shed blood.” Several among the persons questioned knew the names of the knights and ladies in the Arthurian and Carolingian cycles, persons who graced the songs of the troubadours which their remote medieval ancestry had heard. Then there were the letters. These they seemed to have come upon by accident. The questioners discovered that some of these people had been emigrants to America and that they and others who could not read or write had letters from relatives and friends in America who also could not read or write. For Lussana, the letters told more about these Abruzzi farm folk than any other aspect of his inquiry, even though they might have been written by someone else. In his view, they were more important to understand the lives of his subjects than the other aspects of his study the physical surroundings, the physiological balance, the intel¬ lectual conditions, and the morality of these people which made up the bulk of his little volume. So he had 108 of them transcribed and titled his book after their presence. Despite Lussana’s conclusions that his peasant subjects were at the bottom of the social order in education, the letters reveal them to be above the ordinary in intelligence and certainly endowed with unusual fortitude. They descended from their ancestral mountainlands to Naples and elsewhere, by train or carriage or both, crossed a sea and — — — — The Letters of Angelo di Angelantonio 7 ocean they had never seen before and knew nothing about, and worked at almost anything to earn the cherished dollars to send home to Italy in anticipation of building homes, buying farms, and providing a better life for their parents and families. Their story is as gallant, though dif¬ ferent in details, as that oi millions of other nauonalides who took part in the largest movement of humanity in history over vast spaces of the globe in a relatively short time. Of the fourteen letters here, Angelo di Angelantonio addressed ten to his father, two to his mother, and one each to a sister and brother-in-law. The themes are recurring: health, making and sending money and directions on what to do with the money, requests for items from home, and concerns regarding returning to Italy, among others. Sometimes it seems there is almost the libretto of an opera contained in the unfolding of a letter. Dearest father, I am answering your very kind letter which I received the 20th day of the current month with great pleasure because you are in good health and so I assure you of me, thanks to God. Very kind father, you have mentioned Domenico Taddeo. It is true about the money because he lent it to three of us. However, he gave me 45 lire} but he did not give it to me, because it was given to his pal Vincenzo, so Vincenzo delivered it to us, but I turned them over to. . . . Tell me how the vegetable garden is and how all the fields are and let me know if the cow is pregnant and if the calf is born . Take good care, so if I do not return in time for the garden you are there and can manage well for yourself. Dear father I cannot send you anything for now because I have not been paid since first I sent you a small amount of money. Dear father, you have told me ... in regard to this have no doubts because I know how one must work to earn a penny. You At the turn of the century (1895—1905), the value of the lira ranged from 18 to 20 U.S. cents. The author is indebted to Mary Schoonover of the Milwaukee Public Library for obtaining this information from the Banca Popolare di Sondrio, Italy. 8 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine will not recognize the people of the land of America and so be cheerful and do not worry about the money that must be repaid. . . . I am displeased to hear the less than good news about my dear wife and also about you. I will not advise you other than to take care of my dear mother. And I will not say any more to you. I greet you and your dear brother. Dearest father, I am responding to your very kind letter that I have received. Kindest father, I am very sorry to hear in the letter what happened this year in our garden as to the coming year . . . ; that which God wills, will not fail. Basta.~ Do as you think best. If I do not return, give up the farm, because I will take care of you. It wif be enough, dear father. And you tell me that you have sold the cow for the same price that you had gotten for the calf, that is 200 lire. First you tell me this and then you tell me you have lost money on the cow. So first you tell me one thing and then another. I cannot understand this. When you must say something to me do not give me double-talk. Perhaps if you are not afraid of my cousin, you can tell it to him. Basta. Dear father, you want to know whether I need something. I do not need anything because almost every¬ thing prospers, but I might want 2 or 3 scapulars of the Madonna of Carmine. But you can put them in the same letter and you let me know who is coming to America. Dear father, I am very displeased with the note you have sent me inside the letter of Giovanni Faragalli because you told me you had not sent the money. You know better than me that here in America you can not be in a position without money that at least you ought always to have 50 lire in your pockets.3 You ought to speak about this. Basta. So you ought not to worry about me, I will think about you because the burden is on me. Now dear father, I am sending you 100 lire in the money-order to Teresa Faragalli. You are to turn over 30 lire to Salvatore Filone, 20 lire is for you, and you put 50 lire in the postal savings. When I send the sums you must turn over to Salvatore what is to be consigned to him and . . . [the letter trailed off]. o basta: “that’s enough.” 3 This remark seems to indicate that the father had been to America also. The Letters of Angelo di Angelantonio 9 Dearest father, I am answering your dear letter which I received the 9th day of the month. . . . Dear Father, I am giving you notice that I am quite a distance from Philadelphia which costs 50 lire for a trip. However, I have gone to work for the Baltimore [and Ohio] Company and the work that we are doing is on a double-tracked railroad. We have passed inspection like a soldier and our daily pay is 6.75 lire. However, three soldi * is withheld for the inspection. But if you do not work that is bad, you can go through 50 soldi a day, so because of this I have gone because it is winter and there is nothing to do in Philadelphia because there is no work there. However, I had found work inside but the daily pay was very miserable, five lire a day and I had to pay 11 lire and five soldi a month for rent of a house. Because of this it did not suit me and so I went the day after Christmas and also there came some paesani Giovanni Faragalli, Antonio Tosi, Vincenza di Pietro, and Altobrando Cifoni [AJdobrando Cifone] . However, we find ourselves in a very thick woods and it is bitter cold, but we have to work so as to have money basta. Dear father, when I received your letter I was sorry to hear in your letter that you think badly of me, but I have written to you and you have not yet received it. Dear sister, you want to know the amount of my spending. Who am I to have had a letter, and I do not know who has done it. I know all, but it is not important to me. ,5 — Dearest father, I am answering your dear letter and with so much pleasure because you are enjoying good health, and so I can assure you of me that I am the same thanks to God and bastal Dear father, you tell me you want to come to America the month of October. 1 am very glad, but do not leave two poor women in the middle of a field. It is better when you have the harvest. And regarding the embarkation ticket, you hold on to it because it is good for when you come. The same one is good for one year, so I have not had to send it again. It was never lost by 4 e soldi ( soldo y. approximately one cent, l/20th of a lira. # » paesani. fellow-villagers, fellow-countrymen. 10 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine me. In regard to a little money for you to buy grain, take the 60 lire, those that I sent to you, because with this letter is coming money that you must give to Faloni, so that now I do not have enough for the season. I have made almost nothing. ... we are not working because of the bad weather so we can not go out of the house for anything. What we have made we eat. You know how it is in America, there are those who have lunch and those who do not. Dear father, when you come to America, bring me four or five pairs of wool stockings and five or six pairs of pedalinv because those I brought are all worn out. And bring me a pair of wool pants, and do not load up on bread because there is everything here. Please bring a nice suit to go out to the Battery dressed up. I must send you the declaration you have to make at the Battery. In this other letter I am sending you all that which you must declare. No more but to say to you . , . [letter ends] . * j Dear brother-in-law Clemente: I am replying to your note in which you say you want to know how my work is. Dear brother-in-law, the work here is of all kinds, there is light and heavy. As to the work I have now, it is quite light, but there are many heavy jobs as where I was this winter. I earned over 500 lire. For the rest, you do whatever you want, I can not give you a push. You do as you please because times can become bad again. Do your pleasure ... I can come to get you at the Battery if you come. God be with you, no more to say to you. I greet you and my sister. Adio? Dearest mother, I am writing you this letter to tell you about the excellent state of my good health, and so I hope to hear of you and of the whole family, God willing. Well my dear mother, I believe that I wrote you a letter and I have not received any reply. And in that letter of mine I spoke to you of my father, because you had written to me about having him come. It does not seem a good thing to me; however, you always 6 pedalini: special wool sock-shoes. 7 addia goodbye, composed of ad and Dio to God, e.g., used to address loved ones — The Letters of Angelo di Angelantonio do as you please. But here in America things have begun to slack off quite a bit, so you must consider that few persons are arriving here. The most that arrive from Italy are two or three thousand persons, and because of this I do not know what to think. If you have him come, who knows whether it may go badly for him. He is my father so I will do what he wants because he knows how America is. I cannot say either yes or no. As always do as you wish, because many of our paesani are out of work. I took a job on the day of March 18 and I do not know for how long, but as regards me I am not frightened because I have to work day and night. But when we are two I cannot carry any more than I do now. But tell him I will do what pleases him. However, if he does not come when I have worked two more seasons, I am returning, God willing. Now I am sending you this story to tell you the sorrow of the Italians in America. And what I say here is not mistaken the whole truth, as much for good as for bad. Before long I will return there to greet all the family from my true heart. And I tell you that I have had a very unhappy Easter because I found only some paesani the two Rapotonis, however I believe you have been happy. I want you to know that this year I have done my sacred duty since I am near Philadelphia. It cost five soldi but when I went to do my holy obligations and the day of Holy Easter I heard two masses because it was exactly a year that I had heard Holy Mass. God be with you. I give you a kiss and I greet you from my true heart. Your dear son and below I say your son for always. — Kindest father, I am answering your kind letter that carried the date of the 16th of this same month, and I am glad that you enjoy perfect health together with my dear mother and all the family, thanks to God. And I can assure you about me that I find myself the same as you thanks to the Holy God. Dear beloved father, regarding all the stuff that you have told me you want to buy from our uncle Giuseppe, dear father, I had thought of this before. However, it does not suit me to buy it because 700 lire is too much. If he wants to give it to me for 550 lire I will take it. Otherwise I will do business with my money when I return to Italy. If I have to buy that land there for 700 lire I will never get any land. . . . Dear father, you tell me that there are other buys for four tommolatfi in Nepezzano. I *ÿ 11 12 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine already understand where. But dear father, you wait, here in America, as is there, do not believe that money is found on the ground. It would be good to make this purchase but the money is not there. However, if you get back that money that Dona [Donna] Carolina has then you would be able to do otherwise. But I do not understand why you tell me that you want 2000 lire. I have more than 1000 lire but I would do everything to make 300 scudi, but if you get back the money from Dona Carolina afterward I will send it to you. . . . Dear father you tell me that I complained about the purchase by uncle Natale and quite rightly I complained because I work night and day. And when I go home in the evening I have to eat a piece of dry bread, because I go home at night in order to make a soldo more, and for this it happens I am complaining because it is quite right. However, this time it is not important, but pay attention in the future to thinking about me because I think about you as much as I can. And I say to you dear father leave the farm because I would like to have you come to America. Let me know if you want to come when it is spring. My dearest mother, I am answering your dear letter and l am glad that you enjoy good health together with our family thanks to God. So I can assure you of me, thank God, that I find myself the same. Dear mother, after so much time I have had one letter from you, and I am very happy that I am informed of the news of our home and of our paese and I am glad that the fields are good. Now dear mother I have sent 10 lire for you by way of Filomena Cifone and another 5 lire to my sister, Antonietta, because when before I sent you some other soldi for the family I had no money left. If I make a good little sum for Holy Christmas, I will send it to you. Dear mother, do not have so much concern about your health. And more, dear mother, you tell me that my father always says he wants to come to America. This is almost making fun of me because I am done for any more lire. . . . tommolate. measure of produce on a given tract of land, not the land itself. It varied greatly from province to province in southern Italy. 9 scudo(iy. gold or silver coin with varying value. That of the Knights of Malta was valued at two lire. The Letters of Angelo di Angelantonio 13 And now, dear mother, tell me when you answer me whether you have sent the stamps in the letter because I have to pay ten soldi. I believe that in Italy that amount is only five soldi, but not less. I have always sent them to you with a stamp, now I do not have them. For this you must excuse me because where I am there are none, but now I am going back to Philadelphia. I will buy them. And more . . . [letter ends]. Dearest father, I am answering your dear letter and I am glad and very relieved that you are in flourishing health. However, I am not pleased that you have been a little ill, but I hope to the Lord10 that it may be nothing. And at the same time, I can assure you about me that I am the same as you thanks to the Lord God. Well, dearest father, I am informing you that I have sent you a small sum of money 25 lire, that is, the sum is 50 lire. And 25 lire are yours and 25 are for Cantelero di Ferpinando [Ferdinando]. Tell his wife about the hob-nails. And you use it for Holy Christ¬ mas, because when I first sent you a litde money to do that you used it for the household. Now there is not any, for the reason that I do not have any in my pocket. But first thing when I get paid I will send them to you. Dear father I am not working because it is winter. This very day it has started to snow and has done two hands-breadth and because of this and the big freeze and the great cold that have happened I am not working. You already know now we are living the life of gentlemen inside houses with stoves. And more, dear father, I told you at the end of the season I want to return, but what do I return to do in Italy? As you tell me, in Italy one puts up with a lot and you have said many things. And I feel I am no longer as before. It is necessary that I hold out a little further, I would not return, anymore. I will decide myself when I am a little bad. Otherwise I would not return. Now dear father when I send you a litde money I am putting some there to tell you also to make a gift to the Madonna delle Grazie. . . [end of letter] . — 10 m References to divinity are capitalized: e.g., il Signore, the Lord; il Signore Iddio, the Lord God. 14 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine Dearest father, Well dear father, I am very sorry to hear you have been quite sick, but I hope to the Lord God that your health has improved. I am informing you that I have sent a sum of money of 80 lire. Fifty lire are yours for Holy Easter, 20 lire you should turn over to Canterone di Ferdinando and 10 lire you give to Antonio Faragalli which his son Giuseppe has sent for him. And please dear father, enjoy the happy festival day of Easter, so also I will be glad God willing. Dear father, it is about three months since I have had news from you. I have written you three letters and I have not had an answer. I do not know why this fact happens. I would like to know who these persons are that have come to you to gossip about me. Do not believe anything of what they have come to tell you. This is all lies. You stay calm and happy and do not think about me because I will think for myself. But if God gives me the health to return to Italy I will see to those disgusting people who have returned and have come to you to say all those things which are all lies. I cannot deny that I spend money, but I still know how to make it better than the others. And I am not afraid to stay here in America because where I have been no one can follow me and can not catch up to me because I am good at everything. So you tell all those grave-diggers who have returned I would like to be in Italy to defend myself but I am too far away and cannot do much. Basta. And further, dear father, you must tell me who those persons are who have come to you to carry that gossip. I want to know when you answer me, and if you do not tell me I will not write you any more, and I will not give you any more news of me. You must excuse me, but I am saying so because I want so that you will speak about the arrogance of those who have returned, who have drunk with me and have eaten with me and then they cut my legs out from under me. ■ = -ÿ Dear father, I am answering your letter and I have found so much satisfac¬ tion in my heart reading your letter and hearing of the good state of your health and all the family and at the same time I can assure you about me that I am the same as you, thanks to the Lord God. The Letters of Angelo di Angelantonio 15 Well, dear father, you can tell me to return to Italy. But how 1 can I come back to Italy with these beautiful annates. I do not want to return there but if I do I will return soon. However, I will stay in Italy only a little while. I am coming back because of you and my mother, otherwise I would not come back. But, I repeat that I will not tell you in my present [letter] when I am returning. I will let you know in another letter when my return may be. However, dear father, I would like to say one thing if I do not displease you. I would say to you and my mother, come to America, for here we can live like gentlemen, I am not saying to do it but you as also my mother can do very well. With my hard work we can live. My companion, Antonio, and I have talked and he says he wants to have his mother come. If this pleases you, let me know. Well, dear father, I am sorry to hear that there is hail in Italy. Tell my sister An tonella that she must excuse me for not having sent her what I promised. Not because of some thing but because of neglect. But now I will send it to her as also to my mother who is quite right. My poor mother, tell her that I will not forget her. I will tell you dear father about work here in America because there is very little, almost nothing, because of the election of the president. That is they must choose the president on November 4, so because of this all work stops, we make less. ... Better that we stay on the railroad even though we all work less, not as we worked before when we were paid 23 and 24 scudi To me they were the whole world. The month of May and the month of June we have not earned ten scudi a month. Now we are working a little 1 annates: The implication apparently was that he had made a lot of money without very much work. In the Catholic Church, annates were payments first made to the Papal Court during the 14th century when the Papacy was in Avignon, France. Customarily they consisted of one-half (or all) of the first year’s income from a clerical appointment, i.e,, bishops, archbishops, and the like, followed by annual tithes. Will Durant, The Reformation (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1957), 7, 546. 2 None of the 108 letters transcribed by Lussana carries a date. However, this one does tell us when di Angelantonio and his paesani were in America with his reference to a presidential election. In the United States, these elections are held on the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November, always in a leap year. Assuming that di Angelan¬ tonio and his paesani arrived during the so-called mass migrations following the American Civil War (especially after 1880), the president mentioned here was Grover Cleveland. Cleveland was elected to his first term in 1884, on the only Tuesday, November 4, that occurred between 1856 and 1924. 16 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine more. We are working five days a week and nine hours a day so we hope that this president will succeed so that things go better. When first I sent a little money to you, you told me that you have. . . [end of letter]. Dearest father, Well, dear father, you tell me that I have neglected the family but instead that is not true because I do nothing other than to think of the family. And so how can you say to me that I have ignored you because I have not sent [lire], . . . Before when I sent them to you, you did not think badly of me. But I will never forget you because if I do forget you God will forget me. And enough. And more, my sister has complained to me that I have not sent her five lire but I am making a search. I have not forgotten, but however tell her that first thing I am sending a letter there, and I am remitting what I have been looking for and more. Dear father, you tell me that there are more persons who have spoken badly and that there are those who have spoken well to you. In order for me to be satisfied you must tell me who those nice people are and those who have said bad things. I want to know, otherwise I am sorry, not sorry for myself, but if I am to pay attention to persons that I could speak about badly I might like to tell a story. Basta. I repeat let me know. Now dear father I sent you a table cloth for Gerimio Raimonti, and I have not heard anything from you, whether you turned it over to him. You must excuse me for not having sent the stamps, but there are not any here. I have to send to get them in Philadelphia. Dearest father, I am answering your dear letter. . . . Now dear father, you speak to me about my return, that you will have much pleasure in seeing me again. Also I, dear father, desire first to see you and all the family and then our country again. However, at this moment I am not returning; better to stay another few months. I will come back for Holy Easter not for Christmas. Dear father, I will stay a little while in Italy however. You tell me when I return you also want to come. I do not believe this because if it pleased you to come you could have come without my having to return. However, I also want to come back, but I am returning, The Letters of Angelo di Angekmtonio 17 to repeat, so that if you want to come I will have you come at once. If you do not wish to come at your pleasure, it does not please me to leave this place because it is a good place, as also my companion Antonio has no desire to leave a place where he lives like a gentleman. So he is trying to have you come. We are now going after citizenship papers and we do not stand aside for anyone at this place because we have worked a long time, and if we leave, it will be difficult to start again. . . [letter incomplete]. My dearest sister I am answering your note and . . . beloved sister you tell me that you want five lire in order to go to the Madonna dello Bello. Now I am sending you ten lire by way of the letter of Altobrando Cifone and you carry the Madonna of the Angelsÿ and you go to the Madonna of Loreto. If you lack some money, I will send it to you shortly because now I do not have any in my pocket, I keep it at the bank. And please carry the Madonna of the Angels at any price, and you carry her and Teresa Faragallo [Faragalli] and the mother of Antonio Tosi and the wife of Altobrando Cifone. Because we are all agreed, we four, to send a little for each, all we Americans are sending a little each to make a gift to the Very Holy Virgin of the Angels because we must do an honor for our paese. And more, dear sister, you tell me you want to come to America. As for me you do as you wish, but it will be well, and I ask you, you ought not to keep anything in Italy . . . because we can live here, so we do not keep anything and we can live. . . [letter incomplete]. 18 “At Bisen ti [Teramo] during the festival of the Madonna of the Angels a garlanded donkey is brought in walking through the paese [village] to the sound of music [a band], followed by a procession of youngsters who carry large baskets of grain on their heads. The same custom is observed at Bugnara [Aquila] on August 5, and it seems it may be a survival of the cult of Demeter.” Enciclopedia Italiana I (1949), 135. 18 The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine Of the remaining letters in the collection, twenty were from Abruzzi immigrants to Brazil and four were love letters. All the others originated in the United States. Citations to arrival dates come from Glazier and Filby, Italians to America. The volume and page are provided in each case. The writers, number of letters, and the addressees are as follows: Angelini, Saverio, four to his wife Balducci, Felice, six to his father Calvarese, Francesco, two to his wife Cialino, Giuletta, one to her sister Cimina, Francesco, six to his father di Donato, Epifanio, six to his father di Marcello, Berardo, one to his father Epifanio, Giuseppe, five to his parents (Laborer, 20 years old. Sailed on the Rotterdam, arriving at New York December 8, 1891. Glazier and Filby, Italians to America, vol. 5, p, 440.) Ercole, Giovanni, one to his son-in-law (Laborer, age 47, from Montesarchio, sailed on the Chandranagore Naples to New York, arrived May 5, 1891. Glazier and Filby, Italians to America, vol. 5, p. 211.) Manetti, Domenico, four to his wife Paesani, Orazio and Antonio, ten to their mother Reginelli, Domenico and Nazareno, eight to their parents Renzi, Alessandro, six to his wife > Ripone, Fiorvante, two to brother-in-law, one to friend Rondolone, Berardo, three to his father Sardello, Angelo, four to this wife Sardello, Pasquale, one to his wife Terribili, Stefano, one to his wife, one to his brother. (Farmer, age 32, from Naples and Marseilles on the ship Cackemire, arriving at New York April 20, 1888. Glazier and Filby, Italians to America, vol. 3, p. 1662.) ★ ★ ★ ★ The Letters of Angelo di Angelantonio 19 In addition to the above listed correspondents, the letters contained names of others usually referred to as paesani: Agostino, Gucoli Annibale, Giramoli Appicciafuocco, Camillo Appicciafuocco, Domenico Appicciafuocco, Pasquale Bartolucci, Giuseppe Cartobaccio, Giuseppe Ciarbonetti, Abramo Cifone/Cifoni, Altobrando Cimina, Pietro Cimina, Vicenzo/Vincenzo Colli, Giuseppe del Topo, Domenico di Pietro, Vincenza Faragalli, Antonio Faragalli, Giovanni Faragalli, Giuseppe Faragalli, Teresa Filone, Salvatore Frugenzo, Giovanno Luigi, Pietro Nazareno (nephew of Camillo Appicciafuocco?) Paesano/ Paesani, Antonio Paesano, Nicolo Paesano/ Paesani, Orazio Rienzi, Alessandro Riponi, Fiorvante Rossignoli, Alfredo Ruggeri, Nicolo Stifone, Beraro Taddeo, Domenico Taddeo, Taddeo di Agostino, Pasquale di Alessandro, Vicenzo (see Vincenzo di Lesandro) di Ferdinando, Canterone di Francesco, Domenico di Gregorio, Sabatino di Lesandro, Vincenzo Tosi, Antonio (see Vincenzo di Alessandro) Vermini, Givanno di Marco, Gasparo Antonio Volante, Giuseppe di Minella, Bastione Zaraldi, Giuseppe di Minella, Giovanni di Morciano, Francesco Companaro Bibliographic Note An important addition to the literature on Italians in Philadelphia is the recent book by Richard N. Giuliani, Building Little Italy: Philadelphia's Italians Before Mass Migration (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998). This study also provides a useful bibliography of journal articles, masters theses, doctoral dissertations, and books on the subject to the present.